The flowchart shown in Fig. In data analytics and predictive modeling, an individual model based on one data sample could have great variability, a large number of inaccuracies, or extensive biases, which affect the reliability of results73 (Rokach, 2010). Mapping groundwater recharge potential zones in arid region using GIS and Landsat approaches, southeast Tunisia. Therefore, identifying zone with a high GWR potential is critical to enhance water storage and taking acting by local managers to define conservation priorities areas to reduce nutrient losses and enhances aquifer recharge. Whereas, Jackknife test as a simple but effective method utilized for screening important casual factors based on the random sampling in training dataset. The highest probability of percolation (66%) was recorded for the southwest aspects (Fig. 8(04), 611 (2017). Groundwater recharge | hydrology | Britannica Res. Nohani, E., Moharrami, M., Sharafi, S., Khosravi, K., Pradhan, B., Pham, B. T., & Melesse, A. On the other hand, data-driven modeling which is based on statistical and machine learning algorithms can be identified and mapped effectively behavior of phenomena. FAO CG-13/5). 75(9), 780 (2016). Sensors 19(11), 2444 (2019). The authors declare no competing interests. This method utilizes expert-based opinion and has relatively high potential for error34. Rainfall data have been widely used in understanding the GWR potential zones21,25,29,37,55,88. 10(1), 1839 (2002). Groundwater It has been generally recognized that, the accuracy of the outputs of interest is dependent mainly on the input uncertainty. Due to the altitude range of the area, this elevation class has the most suitable conditions for GWR. Cite this article. Machiwal, D. & Jha, M. K. Identifying sources of groundwater contamination in a hard-rock aquifer system using multivariate statistical analyses and GIS-based geostatistical modeling techniques. Focussed recharge occurs where water leaks from surface water sources (rivers, lakes, wadis, wetlands) or land surface depressions, and generally becomes more dominant with aridity.[2]. A., Salam, M. A. Appl. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 280 to 900mm (Fig. Based on the FR model, most parts of the studied area (45.20%) have a moderate GWR potential. Since groundwater recharge is closely coupled to rainfall, increasing precipitation will result in increasing groundwater recharge that will raise water table levels and increase the sustainability of shallow aquifer. Lett. Thank you for visiting nature.com. To assess the performance of individual and ensembles models, we utilized the area under the Receiving Operator Curve (AUC-ROC)74,75 and the Correctly Classified Instances (CCI)76,77. The soil map was obtained from Agricultural Research, Education, and Promotion Organization of Lorestan Province in 1:250,000-scale. Internet Explorer). In this process, water enters through an aquifer and encompasses The purpose of this study is to predict the impact of climate change on groundwater recharge in an arid environment in Ilam Province, west of Iran. PubMed Central Discharge to Springs 6.1.1. The larger the relative contributing runoff area is, the more focused infiltration is. In this research, infiltration rate was measured using double ring infiltrometer with random permeability sampling at eleven lithological types. Rates of groundwater recharge are greatest when rainfall inputs to the soil exceed evapotranspiration losses. Google Scholar. Prevalence dependence in model goodness measures with special emphasis on true skill statistics. Environ. Geosci. 4, 172192 (2015). Soil Sci. A novel ensemble artificial intelligence approach for gully erosion mapping in a semi-arid watershed (Iran). The vegetation density and coverage were represented using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) map. The Jackknife test was implemented during MaxEnt model building to identify conditioning factors contribution (Fig. L textures. Earth 122 (2020). 9(2), 168179 (2019) ((in Persian)). LULC is a significant characteristic of the surface runoff process that affects soil water content, water yield, infiltration rate, and groundwater flow. According to the FR, weights of profile curvature, convex, flat, and concave are 1.53, 0.77, and 0.64, respectively. Cavitation of surfaces above into the tunnels, results in potholes or caves. Results show that the climate-driven impacts on GWS changes do not necessarily reflect the long-term trend in precipitation; instead, the trend may result from Recharge may be impeded somewhat by human activities including paving, development, or logging. A consequence of sudden influxes in groundwater recharge includes flash flooding. Monit. L) class has the highest probability of percolation with 57% (Fig. TWI with higher values have larger weights of FR., while SPI with higher values have smaller weights of FR. The highest probability of percolation was 0.7% (Fig. When the water table is deep underground, the water of the aquifer may be exceedingly old, possibly a result of a past The ensemble method, where a set of simple mathematic scenarios represented in Table 1 combining different base models to get better predictive performance compared to an individual model. Field survey done by M.S.J., for some weeks (with 3 participants). Precipitation Intensity Effects on Groundwater Recharge in Among various distance in the river network, the area closes to river had the most correlation with GWR potential, while the greatest distance from river had no GWR potential. Model. Front. Proportional Variation of Potential Groundwater Recharge as a According to the results, the highest percolation and recharge probability occurred in agricultural land and rangeland (Fig. The area of each class in scenario 5, was represented in Table 2. (1) for each sub-class of GWR potential effective factors based on their correlation with GWR potential inventory: where is the number of recharge pixels in each subclass, is the total number of pixels in the area, is the total number of recharge pixels of the entire area. 25(1), 4157 (2020). Groundwater recharge potential zonation using an ensemble of machine learning and bivariate statistical models, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85205-6. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Environ. De Costa, A. M., de Salis, H. H. C., Viana, J. H. M., & Leal Pacheco, F. A. Drainage density is another effective factor for controlling GWR. The greater CCI value, the more accurate prediction78,79. The outcomes of FR model calculated for each class of 15 effective factors based on their relationship with GWR potential locations are presented in Fig. Groundwater is one of the sources of water stock which can be used to tackle the problem of water scarcity13,14. Bull. 103 04020. Specifically, the machine learning (ME) and a bivariate statistical method (FR) were used for assess ensemble of spatial prediction of GWR potential scenarios. Remote Sens. Rivers are one of the sources of GWR, and thus influence GWR potential in a watershed. Introduction 2. For plan curvature, concave class had the highest GWR potential. Land 2(2), 7686 (2018). Jang, C. S., Chen, S. K. & Kuo, Y. M. Applying indicator-based geostatistical approaches to determine potential zones of groundwater recharge based on borehole data. Article Due to the importance of recharge zones, the identification of appropriate recharge zone is critical for managing aquifer recharge. Tweed, S. O., Leblanc, M., Webb, J. Geosci. Geologically, the watershed lies within Zagros Fold and 29 types of geological formation cover this watershed, and the dominate land use is agriculture (49.5%), followed by rangeland (42%). Keese, K. E., Scanlon, B. R., & Reedy, R. C. Assessing controls on diffuse groundwater recharge using unsaturated flow modeling. Groundwater recharge can be computed using different methods and models depending on the availability of data. & Manap, M. A. Geomat. This can carry pollution directly to the raised water table below and into the groundwater supply. Soil type is a major criterion in groundwater recharge and agricultural production. The MaxEnt software (version 3.3.3k), which is based on the ME approach, is conducted for GWR potential mapping. 76(12), 436 (2017). Further implications of groundwater recharge are a consequence of urbanization. Then, each classs surface ratio is computed compared to the total area of the watershed. Another environmental issue is the disposal of waste through the water flux such as dairy farms, industrial, and urban runoff. Relationships between rainfall and groundwater recharge 6j). Inform. The best ensemble model in terms of performance was scenario 5. The LU types can be significantly effective on runoff, permeability, and evapotranspiration. Tien Bui, D., Khosravi, K., Shahabi, H., Daggupati, P., Adamowski, J. F., Melesse, A. M., & Pradhan, B. Choubin, B. et al. Areas with concave morphology have the most potential for percolation. Nowadays, groundwater depletion became a critical global problem with serious consequences for sustainability of water supplies. Razavi-Termeh, S. V., Sadeghi-Niaraki, A. Response curves identified the quantitative relationship between the logistic probability of the GWR potential and effective factors. Pham, B. T., Jaafari, A., Prakash, I. The Euclidean distance tool from spatial analyst tools in ArcGIS10.6 was used to generate distance categories. Therefore, urbanization increases the rate of groundwater recharge and reduces infiltration,[20] resulting in flash floods as the local ecosystem accommodates changes to the surrounding environment. A series of studies have been conducted by researchers based on knowledge-driven modeling approach or multi influencing factor with integrating various thematic maps on the GWR potential zones using GIS24,27,28,29,30,31,32. Gerland, P., Raftery, A. E., evkov, H., Li, N., Gu, D., Spoorenberg, T., & Bay, G. World population stabilization unlikely this century. Although there still remains much work to understanding the effect of multiple drivers on the distribution and pattern of GWR potential. Razandi, Y., Farokhzadeh, B., Yousefzadeh Chabok, M. & Teimurian, T. Applying maximum entropy algorithm (MAXENT) in groundwater potential mapping, case study: Hamedan-Bahar Plain. Also, the validation using CCI in total was 61.50% which has a satisfactory prediction. L class, due to its combination of coarse and fine grains, is one of the most permeable textures. Soc. The authors found that the bivariate and multivariate statistical approaches provide more accurate results than the AHP. Cl. Geol. Souissi, D. et al. In the GWR potential zone, one of the important secondary topographic factors was TWI. Environ. Patil, S. G. & Mohite, N. M. Identification of groundwater recharge potential zones for a watershed using remote sensing and GIS. Another big factor, according to the study by Dr. Seo and his colleagues, is groundwater depletion. Delineation of groundwater potential zones of semi-arid region of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India using RS, GIS and analytic hierarchy process. Mogaji, K. A., Omosuyi, G. O., Adelusi, A. O. Faster flow dislodges contaminants otherwise adsorbed on soil and carries them along. Tree roots increase water saturation into groundwater reducing water runoff. The results showed that most places with recharge potential had drainage densities (with 67% probability) between 0.56 and 0.58km (Fig. Location of the study area in Lorestan Province, Iran. Ecol. 3(4), 15891599 (2017). & El Din, M. N. Application of the overlay weighted model and Boolean logic to determine the best locations for artificial recharge of groundwater. WebThe majority of methods applied in the reports are simplistic: It is either assumed that groundwater recharge equals effective precipitation (which can be retrieved from SMHI), Abstract Groundwater recharge is a part of the hydrologic cycle; water moves downward through drainage or percolation from the water table to the saturated zone. Full article: Current understanding of groundwater recharge and Article Results indicate that the probability of percolation in areas close to rivers was greater. Additionally, GWR potential areas were found to vary largely based on soil, lithology, aspect and elevation. The GWR with high and moderate potential encompass 8.59 and 29.45 percent of the studied area (Table 2). Similar results were found by Pourghasemi et al37 in the Firuzkuh County, Iran, who noted that the mean annual rainfall, drainage density, elevation and slope angel are dominate factors that influence groundwater recharge. 3(1), 5157 (2010). Out of these selected thematic maps, elevation, slope degree, slope aspect, drainage density, TWI and SPI were generated from ASTER DEM data with a pixel size of 3030-m, while the remaining maps were extracted from Landsat-8 images and through conventional data, such as soil and geology data. In Pennsylvania, most streams gain flow from To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Therefore, identification of groundwater recharge zones is a critical for the sustainable management of groundwater resources15,16,17,18,19. A bi-band binary mask based land-use change detection using Landsat 8 OLI imagery. [9]:110. An equation that describes the relationship between chloride concentrations in saturated zone water ( Csz) and soil water residence time ( ) was derived. Thus, the recharge can be calculated from this base flow if the catchment area is already known. Predicting the impacts of climate change on groundwater recharge in an arid environment using modelling approach. Chenini, I. The regions of steep slope facilities high runoff, whereas at the lower slope gradients, runoff generation reduced and eventually increase infiltration rate and recharge the saturated zone58. Rep. 10(1), 111 (2020). AUC and CCI were considered as measures of models effectiveness. (Eds.). Pourghasemi et al37compared a number of machine learning methods to investigate groundwater recharge potential zones in Firuzkuh County, Iran. The current state of scientific researches on disaster susceptibility and natural potential by an ensemble models are in the early stage of development. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. & Griffiths, G. A. Hong, H., Liu, J. B. Additionally, higher uncertainties are associated with aquifer characteristics and recharge process needs to be address of further studies. Les variations inter-annuelles du stock deaux souterraines se corrlent bien avec les variations des prcipitations inter-annuelles. ADS CAS Marginal response curves for the quantitative conditioning factors (y-axis: predicted probability of GWR potential related to each conditioning factors). Conclusion Abstract Purpose Groundwater is an important source of water supply in arid and semi-arid areas. Water Resour. According to these graphs (Fig. Water 11(12), 2656 (2019). Thus, to provide the GWR potential map with the ensemble model, the weights obtained from FR model and ME model were integrated to acquire a better GWR potential classifier. Direct methods include geological and geophysical explorations (seismic, sonic and magnetic) and drilling tests21. Zavoianu, I. Morphometry of Drainage Basins. An ecohydrological journey of 4500 years reveals a stable but 41(4) (2005). J. Comprehensive studies of Azna and Aligodarz watershed, Lorestan Province, Project report; Regional Water Company of Lorestan Province: Lorestan, Iran (2012). Accordingly, the influencing factor contribution in the analysis can be identified74. Int. Aspect does not directly affect runoff. Here, we also address importance effective factors of GWR potential. NDVI was used to measure vegetation cover (ranging from 0.6 to 0.68). We show that in recent decades, the lack of changes in the precipitationgroundwater recharge relation results from the compensating responses of Assess. Alizadeh, Z. & Zhu, A. X. Ben-Zion, Y., & Sammis, C. Mechanics, structure and evolution of fault zones. Groundwater Soil texture greatly influences water percolation, permeability, and water-holding capacity. (EDP Sciences, 2017). Landslide susceptibility mapping using different GIS-based bivariate models. 4i). 6h). This is due to more groundwater being used for irrigation activities in agriculture, particularly in drylands. After months without rain the level of the rivers under humid climate is low and represents solely drained groundwater. Toggle Factors affecting groundwater recharge subsection. 8a. Climate change can affect directly the hydrological cycle and influence groundwater availability due to the direct or indirect impact on recharge and discharge processes. 8(5), 32353258 (2015). To calculate the groundwater recharge by using the soil water balance method, Chaturvedi formula, seasonal recession method (Meyboom Method), and the well level data method. The role of ground water in Sub-Saharan Africa. 41(6) (2005). Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Groundwater: What is Groundwater? | U.S. Geological Survey In a warming climate, increased evapotranspiration may shift the fraction of precipitation that runs off as surface water or infiltrates to the subsurface as recharge. Therefore, 25.22% of precipitation is lost as groundwater recharge. The effects of these restrictions can be reduced by analyzing multiple samples or combining various models which can help provide better information to decision makers and improve modeling algorithms39,73. In Marboreh watershed, the slope layer was classified into five class and the highest probability (67%) was observed for the 1st class, which ranges from 0 to 4% (Fig. Declining groundwater level in arid ad semi-arid area like Iran, where groundwater provides approximately 80% of the water supply for agricultural and households49 become a serious threat to sustainability. Also, DEM and rain conditioning factors provided high gain when used independently. Vegetation is a good sign of underground water and has a direct relationship with percolation potential; the greater the amount of vegetation in a region, the greater the permeability. 6m, the highest probability of recharge potential based on NDVI was found to be 70%. Its role is in determining the rate of runoff generation due to the difference in microclimate on the different slopes. Another big factor, according to the study by Dr. Seo and his colleagues, is groundwater depletion. Results and discussion 4. groundwater recharge Mousavi, S. N. & Gharghani, F. Assessing policies of irrigation for groundwater by positive mathematical programming (PMP) case study: Eghlid. WebRadioactive Isotopes 4.3.1. groundwater precipitation Moreover, many developing countries suffer from lack of information, accordingly susceptibility and potential mapping with help of statistical methods and machine learning methods which requiring few parameters without an explicit need about the underlying physical process becomes a useful tool to subdivide area into regions with significant GWR potential zone. Full article: Estimation of groundwater recharge response from Distributed groundwater recharge potentials assessment based on groundwater recharge The procedure continue until the infiltration rate is considered steady and set up by the Sangab Zagros Consulting Engineering Company22 standard. In semi-arid areas with dry and wet seasons, recharge occurred occasionally after high rainfall. Chemical methods use the presence of relatively inert water-soluble substances, such as an isotopic tracer[11][12][13] or chloride,[14] moving through the soil, as deep drainage occurs. Effective classification of ensemble models in comparative to individual models indicated that the best ensemble classifier, scenario 5, is characterized by better validation measures in both training datasets and testing datasets. Groundwater recharge was estimated using unsaturated- and saturated-zone chloride mass balance (CMB). 5, soil provided the most critical conditioning factor in GWR potential prediction, and lithology was second important having high training gain contained most unique information when they used independently. PubMed L soil texture weighing 4.66 had the highest probability on GWR potential and might indicate the high possibility of GWR potential in this thematic layer. groundwater supply is known as recharge. CAS They concluded that based on the area under the curve (AUC) measure, EBF, as a data driven technique, outperformed the AHP. J. [17]:579. 6), the highest probability of percolation was seen at elevations between 1810 and 1820m, with a probability of 77% (Fig. Then the extracted drainage networks (km-1) were overlaid on vector digitized stream map of LPRWA (Lorestan Province Regional Water Authority.) J. Earth Sci. The annual diffuse recharge in karst groundwater systems may range from 14 to 265 mm/year (Table 1 ), and the average annual diffuse recharge is 136 mm/year, with a standard deviation of 61 mm/year. Compared with individual models (scenario 8 and scenario 9), it is relatively obvious that the proposed ensemble models outperformed with respect to AUC. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2023), Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2023), Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2022). Nat. Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran, Maryam Sadat Jaafarzadeh,Naser Tahmasebipour&Ali Haghizadeh, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, Department of Range and Watershed, Management, College of Agriculture Science and Natural Resource, Gonbad-e-Kavous University, Golestan, Iran, You can also search for this author in The Jackknife of regularized gain for GWR potential zones in Marboreh watershed. Disasters and risk reduction in groundwater: Zagros Mountain Southwest Iran using geoinformatics techniques. Hydrogeol. Concave morphology can concentrate water and moisture and create suitable areas for GWR81. The FR model, as the probability of incidence for a special attribute, is a simple geospatial assessment tool and is used to compute the eventual relation between GRW potential and GWRs effective factors30. indicates the number of pixels in every subclass of conditioning factors, represents the percentage of recharge occurrences in any sub-class of conditioning factors, and is the relative percentage of the area of each subclass. The annual rainfall decreases from south (900mm) towards eastern (280mm) parts of the watershed with the average annual rainfall and the average annual temperature of 412mm and 13.8 , respectively (LPMO (Lorestan Province Meteorological Organization.)). Howard, K. W. Sustainable cities and the groundwater governance challenge. CAS Concentrating degradable contaminants can accelerate biodegradation. A comparative study of logistic model tree, random forest, and classification and regression tree models for spatial prediction of landslide susceptibility. J. Hydrol. Freeze, R. A., & Cherry, J. In this regard, collecting surface water and identifying the groundwater recharge zones for storing water are the most important strategies for water resource management, particularly in semi-arid areas of Iran. Groundwater recharge potential zonation using an Smaller tributaries contributing to the river discharge such as Azna, Aligudarz, and Kamandan. Depending on hydrogeology, climate, physiography, and groundwater consumption, the volume of stored groundwater may vary considerably in different places19,29,84,85. Research shows that the recharge rate can be up to ten times higher[19] in urban areas compared to rural regions. Due to the extent of the studied area and the cost of the sampling process, information from previous studies22 in the studied area were also used. Hou, E., Wang, J. A scenario-based approach for assessing the hydrological impacts of land use and climate change in the Marboreh Watershed, Iran. As stated by Gee et al61, recharge in vegetated areas is much lower than non-vegetated areas. 6g). NDVI values were grouped based on the natural break method into five classes, namely (<0.11), (0.110.17), (0.170.23), (0.230.33), and (>0.33) (Fig. The present investigation focuses on groundwater recharge processes in a fluvial-deltaic aquifer in the northern part of the Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil), a region that Dar, T., Rai, N., & Bhat, A. Delineation of potential groundwater recharge zones using analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The TWI index is mainly used for quantitative topographic assessment of hydrological processes as well as showing the effect of topography on the position and size of groundwater flow, soil moisture, and saturated sources of runoff production. [17]:579 This is because scientific data derived from groundwater monitoring is still missing, such as changes in space and time, abstraction data and "numerical representations of groundwater recharge processes". Article This characteristic is associated with geomorphologic processes and has two distinct types of curvature with vertical properties that are called plan and profile curvature. Correspondence to These methods in-situ investigation is costly and not feasible for estimation at watershed scale. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Groundwater Recharge - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Soil texture provides essential information on infiltration rate29. In MATEC Web of Conferences Vol. The magnitude of groundwater recharge potential Prasad, R. K., Mondal, N. C., Banerjee, P., Nandakumar, M. V. & Singh, V. S. Deciphering potential groundwater zone in hard rock through the application of GIS. 24(3), 181191 (2010). Wang, Q., Li, W., Yan, S., Wu, Y. The part that continues downward through the soil until it reaches rock 4h). Carbon-14 5. For slope degree, the values of FR were decreasing through to increasing the slope degree. Hydrogeol. Climate change causes changes to the water cycle which in turn affect groundwater in several ways: There can be a decline in groundwater storage, and reduction in groundwater recharge and water quality deterioration due to extreme weather events. Therefore, recently, there has been a trend towards using numerous statistical methods and machine learning methods to map the GWR potential. Groundwater recharge from heavy rainfall The inner and the outer rings were filled with water. Delineation of suitable sites for groundwater recharge based on The 1D-program HYDRUS1D is available online. 8(1), 111124 (2017) ((in persion)). Focussed recharge occurs where water leaks from surface water sources (rivers, lakes, wadis, wetlands) or land surface depressions, and generally becomes more dominant with aridity.