Anderson and Kreinin (1981) showed that, from 1957-1977, productivity growth in the U.S. auto industry was sufficiently rapid to keep American unit labor costs (wages times hours per unit of output) from rising relative to the average for all manufacturing. 1. While this proposition appears reasonable on the surface, a closer examination fails to provide much support. Meeting World Challenges: KS. Foreign activity is also positively correlated with U.S. unionization rates, but the relationship is weaker than that with concentration. "Rising Union Premiums and the Declining Boundaries Among Noncompeting Groups." The statistical analysis in this report shows that, in fact, unionization rates are not correlated with higher imports or lower exports at the industry level. Anderson and Kreinin (1981) cite this error as a primary reason for the growth of auto imports until 1980. Lafer, Gordon, and Lola Loustaunau. With regard to wages, it is important to notice that Japan, Canada, and West Germany are high-wage developed countries which together accounted for 63 percent of the total U.S. trade deficit in 1988. These policy changes at the federal and state level are not only crucial to restoring a fair balance of power between workers and employers, but also essential to an equitable recovery from the coronavirus pandemic. Journal of International Economics, Vol. That figure is up substantially from about one-third (3233%) of nonunion, nonmanagerial workers asked similar questions in 1977 and 1995 (Kochan et al. Business Solutions including all features. A network of state and local organizations improving workers' lives through research and advocacy. This statistic is not included in your account. If industries with high import penetration were also consistently highly unionized, one could make the case that the two are related. The countries are listed in descending order of the U.S. bilateral trade deficits. In fact, given the higher unionization rates in Japan, Canada, and West Germany, foreign union workers are more likely to be competing with nonunion U.S. workers than vice versa. Staff Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 1000+ markets in 190+ countries & territories, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 70m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. Corrections? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 2018. And finally, unions could indirectly affect trade flows if they increased the propensity of U.S. firms to move production abroad. The shares for tobacco, printing, and publishing are high but less important because imports were so low in these cases. A paid subscription is required for full access. The failure of conventional analysis to anticipate the asymmetrical effects of a rising and falling dollar serves as a reminder that exchange rates are only one of many factors influencing trade flows. to incorporate the statistic into your presentation at any time. The first one, called "human capital intensity," is actually the product of labor intensity and a capitalization of the average industry wage. Web1 / 144 Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by nickclint10 Terms in this set (144) The study of labor relations in different countries is known as comparative labor relations. 1. Even if some U.S. goods are more costly because of union labor, part or all of this disadvantage can be offset by higher union wages abroad. Economic Policy Institute, December 2019. US unionization rate isnt a good sign Latest data release on unionization is a wake-up call to lawmakers Once other factors are accounted for, neither imports nor exports are significantly affected by the unionization rate. One of the most important things that could be done to generate a more equitable economy is to dismantle the barriers to union organizing and collective bargaining (McNicholas et al. Currently, you are using a shared account. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. 75, no. Here's how to tilt it back. 2020. There remains the possibility that unions are indirectly linked to industry trade flows because of ILS foreign investments. and over 1Mio. In 2000, just under 9% of all private sector wage and salary workers belonged to a union, meaning the unionization rate has fallen by more than 2.6 percentage points over the past two decades. As a result of this increased leverage, workers have seen strong wage growth and have been able to quit jobs in record numbers and take jobs that are better for them. Unlawful: U.S. The measure of annual consumer-price changes in the regions second-largest economy stood at 5.3% in June after 6% in May, statistics agency Insee said. The question, in point is whether or not unions are an important factor in firms decisions to transfer production from domestic to foreign operations. The public-sector unionization rate in 2021 was up 0.4 percentage points from 2019rising 1.2 percentage points in 2020 and dropping 0.8 percentage points in 2021. This includes identity data (your full name, organisation/employer and address, experience related to the course, email address, billing address, phone number, nationality, languages spoken). If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. Currently, you are using a shared account. facts. Business Solutions including all features. "Contraction and Expansion: The Divergence of Private Sector and Public Sector Unionism in the United States." French Union, French Union Franaise, a political entity created by the constitution of 1946 of the Fourth French Republic. In John Kwoka and Lawrence White, eds., The Anti-trust Revolution. "Unions and Monopoly Profits." Two-thirds of the drop in the number of unionized public-sector workers between 2019 and 2021 was at the federal level (50,000), and one-third was at the state and local level (23,000). Policy choices have tilted the playing field toward the rich and corporations. France has a smaller unionized workforce than any other EU country less than 8 percent of the workforce, only 5 percent in the private sector. Farber, Henry S., Daniel Herbst, Ilyana Kuziemko, and Suresh Naidu. Union membership dropped in 2021 despite a substantial amount of union activity, and that drop is part of a decades long decline in unionizationa decline that is occurring not because workers dont want unions, but because our current system of labor law is broken. While more recent data are unavailable, an analysis of 2017 survey data showed almost half of nonunion workers polled (48%) said they would vote to create a union in their workplace tomorrow if they could. Economic Policy Institute (EPI). What Is Unionization? New York: Pantheon Books, 1986. The State of Organized Labor in France - The Globalist Karier, Thomas. A key contributor to the decline of unions is fierce corporate opposition to union organizing. 4, June 1981, pp. Union activity last year included organizing drives with nurses (Jamieson 2021), journalists (Fu 2021), graduate students (Meyerson 2021), and even Starbucks workers (Molla 2021), as well as successful strikes by taxi drivers in New York (Rosenthal 2021), health care workers in Buffalo (Hetherly 2021), and factory workers at John Deere (Jett 2021). WebIn some countries like France, unionization rate might be relatively low. France: unionization rate by sector and age | Statista Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. Get quick analyses with our professional research service. Global Reach: The Power of the Multinational Corporations. The number of workers in unions dropped in 2021 by 137,000, on top of a drop of 444,000 in 2020, for a total decline of 581,000 between 2019 and 2021. Worker Voice in America: Is There a Gap Between What Workers Expect and What They Experience? For all manufacturing industries in 1982, the affiliates of U.S.-based companies accounted for more than a fifth of all U.S. imports. Companies with 10 or more employees in the private non-agricultural sector in France (excluding Mayotte). This appendix describes the econometric tests used to evaluate the impact of unions and concentration on U.S. imports and exports. Even more revealing are the unionization rates listed in the final column. "Adoption of Competing Inventions by United States Steel Producers." Bussey (1988) noted that, even with the dollar falling from 240 yen in the mid-1980s to nearly 120 yen in 1988, Detroit failed to recover any lost market share. So-called right-to-work lawswhich weaken unions by allowing workers to receive union benefits without paying their share of union representation costshas been associated with a roughly 14% increase in the rate of occupational fatalities (Zoorob 2018). For lasting strong wage growth and decent working conditions, working people must be able to join unions. "Share of Employees Belonging to a Trade Union Organization in France in 2016, by Age Group. France has five large national union confederations, the two biggest being the communist-led CGT and the more moderate but France: trust in trade unions 2022 | Statista For example, variables identifying industries targeted for development by Japanese manufacturers and industries with relatively short shipping distances did not reveal any significant impact on trade. FALSE Union data from the early 1970s is used to determine whether unions affected the growth of imports and trade deficits. The lower job loss among the unionized workforce was due in no small part to a pandemic composition effectthe fact that the industries that got hit hardest by the pandemic (such as leisure and hospitality) are less likely to be unionized than industries that were more sheltered from the pandemic, and this change in the composition of the workforce raised unionization rates mechanically. 2020. Imports are not higher in heavily unionized industries nor are exports lower, making it difficult to blame unions for the trade problems of individual U.S. industries. Voos, Paula, and Lawrence Mishel. The U.S. deficit in automobiles remained large although the total hourly compensation of Japanese autoworkers rose from 44 percent of their American counterpart in 1980 to 76 percent in 1987. You need at least a Starter Account to use this feature. Even more revealing are the unionization rates listed in the final column. The simple definition employed by the FTC allows for facile calculations without any clear economic meaning. In the mid-1950s, 36% of the United States labor force was unionized. This statistic is not included in your account. In the French private sector, the rate is lower still: just 5%, next to 14% among civil servants. For example, a Federal Trade Commission (FTC) staff report, International Competitiveness and the Trade Deficit (Hilke and Nelson, 1987) concluded that although high union wages and union work rules did not account for the increase in the U.S. trade deficit in the 1980s they are still significant factors in explaining import penetration rates in individual industries. Unions also provide workers with better benefits. Jan 12, 2023 In May 2022, just over one-third of French people (34 percent) said they trust labor unions. Therefore, they reasoned that unionized firms should find it difficult to compete with nonunion domestic and foreign firms with lower labor costs. 76, No. This is a decrease of four points compared to January, but Tine models tested in this analysis are based on the original FTC study with several important differences. Australia, Greece, and Thailand, however, fared more poorly against those same highly unionized industries, importing more than they exported. "Labour Costs in the American Steel and Auto Industries." The Economic Policy Institute staff is unionized with the "The Union Impact on Profits: Evidence from Industry Price-Cost Margin Data." Workers essentially have two sources of potential power vis--vis their employers: a union or the implicit threat that they can quit and take another job. July 12, 2022. Can the New Wave of Restaurants Make NYC a Late-Night Dining Town Again? Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. (December 21, 2021). DARES. For example, unions will strike to pressure the government into raising the minimum wage. Some caution must be used in comparing these two figures since different methods were employed to collect the two sets of data. Grossman, Gene. Why Unions Are Good for WorkersEspecially in a Crisis Like COVID-19: 12 Policies That Would Boost Worker Rights, Safety, and Wages. Thus the share of workers represented by a union is somewhat higher than the share of workers who are members of a union. Stay updated and subscribe to our newsletters! Union Members Summary (economic news release). The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Industry-specific and extensively researched technical data (partially from exclusive partnerships). The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Industry-specific and extensively researched technical data (partially from exclusive partnerships). Both are measures of the degree of competition within industries and both are commonly used in empirical analyses. The unionization rate in the US rose from 10.3% in 2019 to 10.8% in 2020, according to the latest data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. A paid subscription is required for full access. Consequently, there is a very high correlation coefficient between MES and the Herfindahl index of concentration (.65) as well as between MES and the four-firm concentration ratio (.71). As soon as this statistic is updated, you will immediately be notified via e-mail. We collect personal data from you only. There is yet another factor that could reduce the need to charge higher prices for union-made products. From March to July, unions organised 12 days of protests and strikes opposing a new labour law that offers total freedom to employers and constitutes a The rising cost of living in France is hurting consumers. Cabbies Win Millions More in Aid After Hunger Strike, Hooray for Hollywood: Breakthrough IATSE Deal Follows Strike Threat, Does Right to Work Imperil the Right to Health? The persistence of illegal retaliation is evident in a review of federal records: Employers are charged with violating federal law in 41.5% of all union election campaigns and one out of five union election campaigns involve a charge that a worker was illegally fired for union activity (McNicholas et al. The foreign operations of U.S. automakers employed more workers than home operations and generated two-thirds as much income. "New Estimates of Private Sector Unionism in the United States." At least prior to the Reagan era, horizontal or vertical combinations were likely to raise serious anti-trust concerns, and too much investment in their own domestic industry could undermine monopoly profits. Web, Apr 25, 2023 In 2012, 11.3 percent of French private companies of ten employees or more had a trade union delegate and 42.1 percent had at least one elected body at the level of ", DARES, Proportion of public and private sector employees affiliated to a trade union organization in metropolitan France in 2019, by gender Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1358561/unionization-rate-employees-france-sector-gender/ (last visited July 06, 2023), Proportion of public and private sector employees affiliated to a trade union organization in metropolitan France in 2019, by gender [Graph], DARES, December 21, 2021. As soon as this statistic is updated, you will immediately be notified via e-mail. "International Joint Venture: General Motors and Toyota." Ireland ranked first for trade union membership amongst English speaking countries in The fact that the unionization rate held steady between 2019 and 2021 even though the number of workers in unions dropped substantially is explained by the fact that the number of union workers and the number of nonunion workers declined at similar rates over this two-year period (-3.5% for union workers and -3.8% for nonunion workers). Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. According to Baldwin (1979) concentration is typically found to be a powerful determinant of foreign activity. Economic Policy Institute, August 2020. Investments by U.S.-based companies in these particular countries reflect more interest in gaining shares of their large consumer markets than in avoiding the costs of union labor. Exploring how race, ethnicity, and class intersect to affect economic outcomes in the United States. 2, No. Consequently, it is important to distinguish between unions as a cause of the import explosion, the theory challenged by the findings in this report, and imports as a cause of the union decline, which is less controvertible. 2015. In any event, these studies illustrate the possibility that higher productivity among union workers could reduce or even eliminate the need for higher prices on goods produced by union firms. In particular, it is highly correlated with the union variable (correlation coefficient = .41) and its inclusion significantly alters the significance of the union variable. Maddaus, Gene. The union effect is small and falls far short of statistical significance in every case, suggesting that unions are not an important factor in regulating trade flows. 10 (June) 736738, https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104747. As soon as this statistic is updated, you will immediately be notified via e-mail. 2020. French unionism is not oriented towards providing services for members but towards working to defend employee interests. January 20, 2022. (provide your source) (b) (1 point) What does "right to manage" mean? Through this process, they bid up the relative value of the dollar. Cost of living - latest updates: ASOS launches 5 sample sale The ETUI is co-funded by the European Union. October 22, 2021. The 2021 union numbers are a wake-up call. To understand what happened to unionization in 2021, it is crucial to recall what happened in 2020 (BLS 2021c). A paid subscription is required for full access. Chart. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1358554/unionization-rate-employees-france/, Proportion of employees affiliated to a trade union organization in metropolitan France between 1949 and 2019, Immediate access to statistics, forecasts & reports, Grounds for strikes in companies having reported a strike in France 2020, Share of precommitted expenses in French household consumption 1960-2021, Change in the average monthly pension of retirees in France 2005-2020, Retiree pension as a share of average working income in France 2008-2020, by gender, Prospects of achieving the retirement income target in France in 2021, Unionization rate of employees in France 1949-2019, Unionization rate of employees in France 2019, by sector and gender, Unionization rate of employees in France 2019, by sector and age, French companies covered by a union representative or an elected body 2012-2020, Labor union audience of private sector organizations in France 2017-2021, Main topics of negotiation in French company agreements and endorsements signed 2021, French youth willing to demonstrate to defend their ideas 2021, by political position, French youth willing to demonstrate to defend their ideas 2021, by voting attitude, Attachment to democracy based on the inclination of French youth to protest 2021, Intention to demonstrate against pension reform in France 2023, by political affinity, Intention to demonstrate against pension reform in France 2023, by age group, Intention to demonstrate against pension reform in France 2023, by status, Share of companies having reported at least one strike in France 2005-2020, Share of companies having reported at least one strike in France 2019-2020, by size, Share of companies which reported at least one strike in France 2019-2020, by sector, French companies having reported at least one strike 2020, by branch and size, Number of strike days per 1,000 employees reported by French firms 2020, by sector, Number of days lost by the SNCF during strikes in France 1947-2021, Days lost per SNCF employee during strikes in France 1947-2021, Confidence in trade unions in France 2009-2022, Attitude of the French towards strikes 2021-2022, by type of mobilization, French support for social movements related to pension reforms 1995-2023, Social actions against pension reform supported by the French 2023, by type, French views on social action's impact on pension reform application 2023, by gender, Likelihood of pension reform withdrawal due to social action in France 2023, by party, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports. New research, insightful graphics, and event invites in your inbox every week. Jobs are not yet coming back in the public sector (virtually all the job gains in 2021 were in the private sector; public sector employment was virtually flat in 2021), so any pandemic composition effects occurring within the public sector are likely still in play. Show publisher information Show publisher information How Unions Are Born This documentary-style series follows investigative journalists as they uncover the truth. A more direct measure of human capital is the median education level which I used in place of the FTC variable. It is frequently asserted that a sufficient depreciation of the dollar could always offset declining competitiveness, albeit at the expense of raising the domestic cost of living and thus reducing the standard of living (e.g., Dornbusch, Krugman, and Park, 1989). Exports are strongest in U.S. industries characterized by workers with high education levels and by high expenditures on research and development. In reality, the optimum scale for production will vary widely by industry and should be calculated by comparing average costs for different size plants within each industry. 2021. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Explaining the Erosion of Private-Sector Unions How Corporate Practices and Legal Changes Have Undercut the Ability of Workers to Organize And Bargain. By making inter-industry comparisons we can investigate whether unions are one of the distinguishing characteristics of industries in which the U.S. has a comparative disadvantage. December 21, 2021. Fear at Work: An Inside Account of How Employers Threaten, Intimidate, and Harass Workers to Stop Them from Exercising Their Right to Collective Bargaining. In 1982, foreign affiliates of U.S.-based companies were responsible for 22 percent of all manufacturing imports and could have easily displaced an even larger share of exports by selling directly in foreign, markets. You have the right to update your personal data at any time or to ask further information on how your data is used by contacting dataprivacy@etui.org. To conclude from this study that unions are not responsible for the rapid increase in net imports does not in any way imply that imports are unrelated to changes in union membership. Show publisher information Because all workers in a bargaining unit get the benefit of being represented by the union, union representation is the more relevant statistic when considering the impact of unionization on labor market outcomes. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It is worth noting, however, that higher imports in concentrated industries are partially offset by higher exports, but the latter fails the test for statistical significance. In these cases, a firm s interest in avoiding higher U.S. labor costs may have been at least partial motivation for foreign investments. The problem is that for such general industries, the correlation between unionization and concentration is simply too strong to tell whether firms are investing abroad because they are concentrated or because they are concentrated and unionized. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. He would like to acknowledge valuable comments and suggestions from Larry Mishel, Robert Blecker, and David Bunting and research assistance by Lillian Wong. The strong dollar in turn raised the effective price of U.S. merchandise exports and reduced the price of imports, leading to the trade imbalance. In this report, the terms unionization rate and union coverage rate are shorthand for the union representation rate. "Share of employees belonging to a trade union organization in France in 2016, by age group." Finally, the four-firm concentration ratio was used in place of the Herfindahl index. This report explores three primary ways in which unions can influence industry trade patterns. Violent protests challenge French view on race | CNN Why French trade unions are so strong - The Economist In, DARES. [Online]. They based their claim on the assumption that higher union wages, generally placed at 20 to 30 percent above nonunion wages, are passed on in higher prices. "An Empirical Analysis of the External Deficit." The French union movement is traditionally characterised by, A CSE's resources (number of members, hours made available for CSE work, etc.) Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1988. Unionization Other implications of the econometric analysis are also of interest. Multicolinearity does not appear to be a problem since the estimates are hardly affected by omitting one of the variables. The 2021 unionization rate is the same as the 2019 rate of 10.3 percent. [Online]. Zoorob, Michael. The long-run neglect of the capital stock which characterized this traditionally concentrated industry must be added to the short-run domestic factors emphasized by Grossman. Karlson argues that steel producers were justified in waiting to invest in basic oxygen furnaces and large electric furnaces until these new technologies had reached a sufficiently large scale. A substantial amount of variation can also be observed in previous years, and unionization rates are found in the poorest regions (like Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia), with the Arab countries being the exception that proves the rule. 10, No. For a one-year fixed cash ISA rate, the average is now 4.49% - up from 4.48%. The French Foreign Ministry said in a statement Friday that any accusation of systemic racism or discrimination by the police in France is totally unfounded.. You only have access to basic statistics. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1085846/union-membership-rate-by-age-group-france/, Share of employees belonging to a trade union organization in France in 2016, by age group, Immediate access to statistics, forecasts & reports, Number of trade unions in the United Kingdom (UK)1999-2021, Number of trade unions in the United Kingdom (UK) 2019/20, by membership size, Trade union membership in the United Kingdom (UK) 1999-2020, Number of trade union members in the UK 1892-2021, Number of trade union members in the UK 2022, by industry, UK trade union annual gross income 1999-2019, UK union's annual gross expenditure 1999-2020, Trade union density in the mining industry in the United Kingdom (UK) 1995-2018, Trade union density in the manufacturing industry in the UK 1995-2018, Trade union density in the water management industry in the UK 1995-2018, Trade union density in the energy industry in the UK 1995-2018, Trade union density in the construction industry in the UK 1995-2018, Trade union density in the wholesale & retail trade in the UK 1995-2018, Trade union density in the logistics industry in the UK 1995-2018, Trade union membership in the agriculture industry in the United Kingdom 1995-2016, Trade union membership in the mining industry in the United Kingdom (UK) 1995-2018, Trade union membership in manufacturing in the United Kingdom (UK) 1995-2018, Trade union membership in the energy industry in the United Kingdom (UK) 1995-2018, Trade union membership in the water management industry in the UK 1995-2018, Trade union membership in the construction industry in the United Kingdom 1995-2018, Trade union membership in the wholesale & retail trade in the UK 1995-2018, Trade union membership in the transportation and storage industry in the UK 1995-2018, Unite the Union: History of membership numbers and mergers, GMB: Union membership in the United Kingdom (UK) 1999-2020, UNISON membership in the United Kingdom (UK) 1999-2020, Royal College of Nursing (RCN): Union membership in the United Kingdom (UK) 1999-2020, Union of Shop Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW); Membership in the UK 1999-2020, National Union of Teachers (NUT) membership in the United Kingdom (UK) 1999-2018, NASUWT: Union membership in the United Kingdom (UK) 1999-2020, Communication Workers Union (CWU): Union membership in the UK 1999-2020, Opinion of French people about the use of digital tools for trade unions action 2018, Trade union wage premium in the UK 1995-2022, Canada: union coverage rate 2022, by industry, Union coverage rate in Canada 2022, by province, Canada: union coverage rate by education 2019, Canada: union coverage rate 2022, by occupation, Forecast: trade unions revenue Portugal 2008-2018, Forecast: trade unions revenue South Africa 2008-2018, Forecast: trade unions revenue Sweden 2008-2018, Forecast: trade unions revenue Greece 2008-2018, UK Unions: Total gross annual expenditure of PCS 1999-2020, Forecast: trade unions revenue India 2008-2018.
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